OPINION

COCHRAN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which MEYERS, PRICE, JOHNSON, HERVEY and ALCALA, JJ., joined.

Appellant pled guilty to driving while intoxicated. The trial judge accepted his plea and ordered him to pay $7,767.88 in restitution to Lubbock Power and Light (LP & L) for repairing a utility pole that appellant's car had struck. Appellant appealed, arguing that Article 42.0371 of the Code of Criminal Procedure does not authorize restitution because LP & L was not a "victim" of the offense for which he was convicted. The court of appeals agreed, holding that the restitution order was improper because (1) driving while intoxicated is a victimless crime because it "does not encompass per se a particular category of complainant," and (2) there was no victim alleged in the charging instrument.2 We granted review3 and conclude that restitution (1) may be ordered in a DWI case, and (2) may be ordered for someone whose name did not appear in the charging instrument. However, the State must prove that the defendant's commission of the offense was the direct cause of the harm. Because the State failed to prove that appellant's intoxicated driving caused the damage to the utility pole, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals, which had deleted the restitution order.

I.

Appellant was charged with the offense of driving while intoxicated. Before appellant entered his guilty plea, the trial judge held a restitution hearing, during which the prosecutor introduced a "damage repair invoice" that gave the total cost of repairing LP & L's pole. That was the only evidence the State introduced during this hearing, and appellant objected — during the prosecutor's closing arguments — that the State had failed to prove causation.

The trial judge then recessed the hearing to allow the prosecutor to introduce additional evidence. The evidence at the second hearing showed that, on January 17, 2012, Officer Joshua Franco was dispatched to a car crash. Officer Franco testified that, when he arrived at the scene, he noticed "power electricity lines all over the road" and "a vehicle that was crashed into a broken telephone pole." The officer testified that the driver — appellant — told him that he had gone to Sonic to get a hamburger, and, while driving home, "he must have hit a water puddle which caused him to lose control crashing into the pole." When asked whether he made any determination of what caused the accident, Officer Franco responded, "[Appellant] driving that vehicle."

During her closing argument, the prosecutor argued that she "proved the causation to the damage of the pole with Mr. Dana Hannah ... in this case driving his vehicle."4 Appellant said that Article 42.037 of the Code of Criminal Procedure limits payments of restitution to victims of the offense, and, because there was no victim in this case, the trial judge could not order restitution. Unpersuaded, the trial judge ordered appellant to pay full restitution for the pole.

On appeal, appellant argued that LP & L was not a victim of the offense for which he was convicted. The court of appeals agreed for two interrelated reasons. First, the court noted that the DWI statute "required neither injury to anyone nor the destruction or loss of anyone's property."5 Therefore "LP & L was not a victim `of the offense [DWI] for which [appellant] was convicted,' and the trial court erred in holding otherwise."6 Second, although the court recognized that our decision in Martin v. State7 left open the possibility of restitution to victims not named in the charging instrument, it held that such a possibility was very limited and allowed only in rare situations — such as when a defendant steals property from a husband and wife but the indictment lists only one of them as the complainant.8 The court concluded:

Because many DWI cases involve accidents with property damage and because the court of appeals adopted broad and seemingly per se rules, we granted review.

II.

Restitution is not only a form of punishment, it is also a crime victim's statutory right.10 Restitution serves multiple purposes, including restoring the victim to the status quo and forcing an offender to address and remedy the specific harm that he has caused.11 "A broad interpretation of the restitution statutes provides judges with `greater discretion in effectuating opportunities for rehabilitating criminals, deterring future harms, and efficiently compensating victims.'"12 However, the legislature has also recognized limits on the right to restitution: the amount of restitution must be just; it must have a factual basis in the record; and it may be ordered only to a victim of an offense for which the defendant is charged.13

This case poses the question of who is a "victim" for purposes of the Texas restitution statute. As in all cases involving statutory interpretation, we look first to the plain language of the statute. We do so in an effort to "effectuate the `collective' intent or purpose of the legislators who enacted the legislation."14

The Code of Criminal Procedure specifically states that it should be "liberally construed" to achieve the legislature's purpose — "[t]he prevention, suppression and punishment of crime."15 The legislature intended restitution to "`adequately compensate the victim of the offense' in the course of punishing the criminal offender."16 "Society is benefitted by punishment, including restitution, that is directly related to the offenses for which a defendant has been charged and convicted."17 With these goals in mind, we turn to the restitution statute.

Article 42.037(a) states that a trial judge has discretion to order a defendant to make restitution "to any victim of the offense[.]"18 Section (b)(1) covers "damage to or loss or destruction of property of a victim of the offense[.]"19 Section (b)(2) applies when the offense "results in personal injury to a victim[.]"20 Section (k) provides, "The court shall resolve any dispute relating to the proper amount or type of restitution[,]" and that "[t]he standard of proof is a preponderance of the evidence."21 Section (k) also puts the burden to demonstrate "the amount of the loss sustained by a victim as a result of the offense" on the State, while defendant bears the burden to prove his financial resources and his needs, as well as the needs of any dependants.22 Section (m) states that a restitution order may be enforced like the judgment in a civil action.23

While Article 42.037 sets out a comprehensive restitution scheme, it leaves one important aspect vague: the statute does not define the term "victim."24 When interpreting a statute, an undefined word or phrase should be construed and understood according to its common, every day usage.25 According to Black's Law Dictionary, a "victim" is a "person who is the object of a crime...."26 But can there be a victim, for purposes of restitution, when the defendant is charged with a "victimless crime"? And must a victim be named in the charging instrument? Texas law is unclear on both points.

A. "Victimless crimes" are not victimless if the offense caused someone harm.

We have never held that restitution is allowed only for penal offenses with statutorily-recognized victims. But this Court has consistently held that there must be a causal connection between the criminal offense and the recipient of restitution. For example, in Gordon v. State,27 we deleted a restitution order for funeral expenses because the jury acquitted the defendant of murder, and therefore the defendant was not criminally responsible for the victim's death and the resulting funeral expenses.28 In Martin,29 this Court again recognized that "restitution may not be ordered as a condition of probation for losses caused by an offense for which the defendant is not criminally responsible."30 And, in Cabla v. State,31 we stated, in dicta, that "the focus of restitution orders [is] limited to the individuals alleged and proven to be victims of the charged offense"32 and that "the amount of a restitution order is limited to only the losses or expenses that the victim or victims suffered as a result of the offense for which the defendant was convicted."33 This particular language in Cabla could be interpreted as meaning either individuals "alleged in the indictment" or, more generally, individuals "alleged and proven to be victims of the criminal offense" at the restitution hearing. We believe that the latter interpretation is the correct one because later in Cabla we stated that "if a trial court ... awards restitution to an individual either not named as a victim in the indictment or not shown to be a victim at trial, ... [t]hen the restitution order may be attacked on those grounds."34

In support of its conclusion that restitution is not permissible when a criminal offense contains no statutory requirement of a complainant (i.e., a victim), the court of appeals relied on two lower court opinions: Bruni v. State35 and Lemos v. State.36 In Bruni, a defendant was ordered to pay restitution to a theft victim's wife even though he, not his wife, was the named complainant. The court held that, although the victim's wife was not a named complainant, the record showed that the stolen money was jointly owned by the victim and his wife as community property, so the victim's wife was herself a victim.37

The court of appeals in this case read Bruni as permitting restitution because the wife, like the victim, "fell within the statutorily contemplated category of victims of theft."38 But nothing in Bruni indicated that its holding hinged on "statutorily contemplated" victims. Rather, the Bruni court held that the victim's wife was also a victim because "[t]he record show[ed] that the $40,000 appropriated by Bruni was jointly owned by John and Betty Ross as husband and wife.... Perforce, both were victims."39 The result depended entirely on the evidence that the named victim's wife was also a victim and that the defendant's criminal conduct caused her loss, not that she was a "statutorily contemplated" victim.

In Lemos, the defendant was acquitted of murder, but convicted of aggravated robbery. On appeal, he challenged a restitution order that required him to pay for therapy for the murder victim's family.40 The court held that the victim's family did not qualify for restitution because "`restitution is limited to the results of the offense or offenses charged, and that restitution must be made only to the victim[.]'"41 Thus, "restitution exists only for those direct victims of the offense for which the defendant was charged and convicted."42 However, the Lemos court equated that correct statement with an incorrect one: the victim's family could not recover because they were not "statutorily-recognized victim[s]."43

It was this language on which the court of appeals in the present case relied.44 However, as we have already noted, the restitution statute does not define "victim" nor does it require that restitution may be ordered only for those criminal offenses that foresee harm to a specific victim or complainant. Therefore, while we agree that restitution is limited to victims who have suffered harm to their person or property as a result of the offense, this does not mean that such restitution is limited to a "statutorily-recognized" victim.

Instead, we hold that, for purposes of the restitution statute, a "victim" is any person who suffered loss as a direct result of the criminal offense. As stated in Section 42.037(k), "[t]he burden of demonstrating the amount of the loss sustained by a victim as a result of the offense is on the prosecuting attorney."45 The phrase "as a result of the offense" includes the notion of both actual and proximate causation.46 As the State acknowledges, the damage must be a "direct" result of the defendant's criminal offense — that is, the State must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the loss was a "but for" result of the criminal offense and resulted "proximately," or foreseeably, from the criminal offense.47

This standard is similar to that used in many other jurisdictions.48 In addition, public policy supports allowing restitution to victims of purportedly "victimless" crimes. Allowing restitution in such cases provides victims with a single forum in which they may recover actual damages, albeit only those caused as a direct result of the offense. Prohibiting restitution in such cases would severely limit a victim's ability to be made whole if that person did not have the financial resources to hire an attorney and pursue a civil lawsuit. This is not to say that a restitution proceeding could, or should, replace civil actions.49 But when the legislature specifically provides a procedural mechanism for compensating the victims of crime, that mechanism should not be unnecessarily or artificially limited.

Furthermore, allowing restitution in DWI cases is consistent with public policy concerns specific to DWI laws. Although the court of appeals correctly noted that the offense of DWI does not require a victim, the whole purpose of criminalizing driving while intoxicated is to prevent "[t]he carnage caused by drunk drivers"50 — fatalities, serious injuries and property damage.51 Furthermore, judicially enacting a flat prohibition against restitution in DWI cases could have deleterious effects, such as giving prosecutors an incentive to charge DWI defendants with additional counts of intoxication assault or criminal mischief solely to preserve the right to request restitution for an accident victim. Therefore, we conclude that restitution may be ordered, when appropriate, in DWI cases.52

B. A victim need not be named in the charging instrument.

There is nothing in the Code of Criminal Procedure requiring, as a prerequisite for a restitution order, that a victim be alleged in the charging instrument. Indeed, the restitution statute explicitly states that a defendant may be ordered to make restitution to "any victim of the offense."53 If the legislature intended that restitution could be ordered only for "the named victim of the offense" or "the complainant of the offense" it surely would have said so. Even the phrases "the victim" or "a victim" are more restrictive than the expansive phrase "any victim." When the legislature uses the word "any," it usually means "any and all." Furthermore, we have never held that, to be entitled to restitution, a victim must be named in the charging instrument. In fact, we indicated quite the opposite in Martin v. State,54 when we noted that

There is no requirement that a restitution victim be alleged in the indictment. Holding otherwise would allow for bizarre circumstances that could not have been the intent of the legislature. Imagine that Dangerous Dan breaks into Suzie Q's house and steals Suzie's computer and her houseguest's Rolex watch. Is the trial judge forbidden from ordering restitution for the houseguest simply because she is not the complainant named in the burglary indictment? This cannot be the case. It is more logical and just to conclude that the houseguest is entitled to restitution if the State proves, by a preponderance of the evidence, that she is also a victim — that the burglary was the "but for" and proximate cause of the loss of her Rolex.

In sum, we conclude that a person who suffers property damage or personal injuries as the direct result of a defendant's DWI crime may be entitled to restitution even though that victim is not named in the DWI charging instrument.

III.

Although we reject some of the reasoning of the court of appeals, we nonetheless affirm its holding that the $7,767.88 restitution order was improper. The State offered evidence that appellant caused the damage to the utility pole, but there is no evidence — and certainly not proof that satisfies the preponderance of the evidence standard — to show that the offense (appellant's intoxicated driving) caused the damage to the utility pole. The only evidence as to what caused the accident (and the resulting damage) was appellant's statement that "he must have hit a water puddle which caused him to lose control crashing into the pole." The trial judge did not have to believe appellant's testimony concerning the cause of the accident, but there is no other affirmative evidence that would support a finding that appellant's intoxicated driving caused the accident.56

In this case, appellant pled guilty, so there was no trial testimony concerning his driving, the accident, or his intoxication. At the end of the first restitution hearing in which the State proved only the amount of the damage to the utility pole, appellant objected because "[t]here's been no evidence of causation." When the trial judge asked if the State needed a recess, appellant again objected, saying, "The State has had plenty of time to prepare this. This is the third time we've been here. They didn't present evidence as to causation." Nonetheless, the trial judge recessed the restitution hearing for several days to allow the State an opportunity to prove causation.

At that second hearing, Officer Franco testified that he responded to a dispatch call for "a car crash with injuries." When he arrived, he saw a car "that was crashed into a broken telephone pole" and "power electricity lines all over the road." The pole was broken in half. Appellant, the driver of that car, told Officer Franco that he hit a water puddle and lost control of his car. Officer Franco never mentioned anything about appellant being intoxicated, smelling of alcohol, or exhibiting any other indicia of drunkenness. He never mentioned the word alcohol or drink or drunk. He did not describe appellant's condition or demeanor. When the prosecutor asked if Officer Franco had made a determination as to what caused that accident, Officer Franco said, "Mr. Hanna[] driving that vehicle." Period. We cannot simply assume, without any evidence, that Officer Franco thought appellant was intoxicated or that this assumed intoxication caused the accident.

People frequently have car accidents regardless of whether they are intoxicated. To obtain restitution, the State must prove that appellant's intoxicated driving was the "but for" and proximate cause of the damage. Although the State was given ample opportunity to offer evidence that it was appellant's intoxicated driving that caused the accident, there was no such proof in this case.57

Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

KELLER, P.J., filed a dissenting opinion in which KEASLER, J., joined.

WOMACK, J., concurred.

KELLER, P.J., filed a dissenting opinion in which KEASLER, J., joined.

While appellant was driving while intoxicated, his car struck a utility pole. The pole was broken in half, with power lines spread on the ground. I believe that those facts, by themselves, are sufficient circumstantial evidence of causation (that the defendant's crime of driving while intoxicated caused the damage to the utility pole). As we stated in Kuciemba v. State, "Being intoxicated at the scene of a traffic accident in which the actor was a driver is some circumstantial evidence that the actor's intoxication caused the accident, and the inference of causation is even stronger when the accident is a one-car collision with an inanimate object."1 This statement, made in connection with the sufficiency of the evidence to support a DWI conviction, in which the applicable standard of proof at trial was "beyond a reasonable doubt," should apply with even greater force to the restitution inquiry, which involves the lesser standard of proof of "preponderance of the evidence."2 And although appellant claimed that his car struck the utility pole because he ran over a water puddle, the trial judge did not have to credit that self-serving explanation.3

Further, the force with which appellant hit the utility pole — causing it to break in half — is evidence that appellant failed to timely apply his brakes. The trial judge could rationally infer that such a failure was due to appellant's intoxication.

I agree with the Court's analysis of Article 42.037, but I disagree with the way the Court has applied it in this case. I therefore respectfully dissent.